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Dendreon宣布破产,旗下肿瘤疫苗Provenge归Valeant


2015年3月2日讯/生物谷BIOON/--Provenge(sipuleucel-T),普罗文奇,第一个在美国被批准用于治疗目的的肿瘤疫苗,开创了癌症免疫治疗的新时代,已经上市销售快5年。2月23日,加拿大拉瓦尔的Valeant公司宣布以四亿多美元的价格将Provenge买断,原制造商丹德里昂公司(DendreonCorporation)宣告破产。
Provenge疫苗是利用患者自身的免疫系统与恶性肿瘤抗争,它由载有重组前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)抗原的肿瘤患者自身的神经元树突细胞(免疫系统抗原的递呈细胞)构成。PAP蛋白表达于绝大多数的前列腺肿瘤细胞,也表达于正常的前列腺组织中,只是以极低的水平存在于其他正常组织中。在治疗性肿瘤疫苗Provenge中,PAP抗原融合于作为佐剂的一种免疫刺激细胞因子——粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM.CSF),树突细胞则将PAP蛋白消化为多肽而呈现于其表面,当其被重新回输入患者体内后,可被免疫系统T细胞识别,而接触过该抗原后的T细胞能找到并杀灭表达PAP抗原的癌细胞。
2010年,位于华盛顿西雅图的Dendreon公司旗下的前列腺癌疫苗Provenge经FDA批准投放市场,赚足了医药界的眼球。诺华细胞和基因疗法事业部头目UsmanAzam高度评价:“Dendreon有高明的预知能力和长远的眼光”,尽管现在Dendreon已不复存在。“不要认为Dendreon是个失败案例,它只是为后来者铺平了道路。”
Valeant是出了名的收购狂,以往关注的都是简单药品或是已经确立市场地位的产品。而这次买入Provenge却让人摸不着头脑。Valeant对Provenge信心满满,发言人说他们知道如何降低成本以及如何将Provenge推广到市场上,至少两年内就能回本。
Dendreon的荣辱之路
90年代早期,斯坦福大学的免疫学家EdgarEngleman在患有淋巴瘤的小鼠身上做了实验,开创性地发明了肿瘤免疫技术。随后,他与同僚SamuelStrober组建团队,就这一领域继续深入研究。
当他们意识到可以成立公司,吸引投资者入资时,实际上临床数据远远不够,也不清楚到底需要多长时间才能将其用于人类肿瘤的治疗,当时世界上还没有一家公司将该疗法做成产品,也没有哪个疗法这么个体化,医疗过程想当复杂、繁琐。但庆幸的是,他们获得了资金注入,凭借的就是这个具有前瞻性的创意,而不是潜在的商业价值。
1992年,Dendreon公司成立。2010年,产品Provenge获得FDA批准。耗时近20年!
2010年后,公司营业状况却每况愈下,陷入财政困难。原因归结于保险公司并没有将该药加到理赔药品清单上,这直接导致了医生不敢为患者开药,销量低迷,公司收入远远低于早期估算。直到最近,Dendreon连基本的运营也困难重重。
Engleman在谈及公司的失败时,表示最初的一些决策可能是错的,比如没有冷冻活化的免疫细胞,这使得产品工序更负责,成本更高;另一方面,他们最初动物实验的靶标是淋巴瘤,实验数据很有说服力,但移植到人体时,选择了前列腺癌,因为如果输入的免疫细胞攻击了正常的前列腺组织,人不会发生死亡,这就降低了服药的风险,而且前列腺癌的市场需求更大。Dendreon确实能延长晚期前列腺癌患者的寿命,但平均值仅仅4个月。Dendreon售价也较高,这也造成了它的渐渐失利。
Engleman以及他的合伙人并没有因此熄灭创业的热情,而是将目光锁定在器官移植领域,希望发明一种技术降低宿主的器官排斥反应。他们的临床实验已经进行了十年之久,数据也很乐观,估计融资是没有问题,“相信比Dendreon进展快很多。”他的合伙人Strober如是说。
英文原文:
Therapeuticcancervaccinesurvivesbiotechbust
Pharmaceuticalcompanyrescueslandmarkprostate-cancertreatment,Provenge.
Therapeuticcancervaccinesharnessthepatientsownimmunesystemtofighttumours.ThefirsttherapeuticcancervaccinetobeapprovedintheUnitedStateswillstayonthemarketdespitethefinancialcollapseofthetrailblazingbiotechnologycompanythatdevelopedit.Thevaccine,Provenge(sipuleucel-T),waspurchasedon23FebruarybyValeantPharmaceuticalsofLaval,Canada,whichpaidUS$415millionfortheprostate-cancertreatmentandotherassetsofthebankruptDendreonCorporation.
Thenow-defunctDendreon,ofSeattle,Washington,madehistoryin2010byshowingthatcomplextreatmentsmadefreshforeachpatientcouldwinregulatoryapproval,andcouldbeexpandedbeyondtherealmofspecializedacademichospitals.Industrytooknote:today,experimentalcancertherapiesthatspurpatientsimmunecellstoattacktumoursareamongthehottestpropertiesinbiotechnology.
“Dendreonhadvisionandforesight,”saysUsmanAzam,headofcellandgenetherapiesatNovartis,aSwisspharmaceuticalcompanythathaspurchasedoneofDendreon’smanufacturingplantstofuelitsowncell-therapyefforts.“Don’tviewDendreonasafailure:itpavedtheway.”
ButalthoughDendreoncreatedthemarketforcelltherapies,itultimatelycouldnotsurviveinit.
Primedforattack
Provengeismadebyharvestingapatient’sdendriticcellsandthenmixingthemwithaproteinthatisparticularlyabundantinprostatetumours.Afterbeingprimedbythatprocesstorecognizeandattackthetumour,thecellsareinfusedbackintothepatient.
Thetechniquewaspioneeredintheearly1990sbyEdgarEngleman,animmunologistatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,whohadseenpromisingresultsinanimalstudiesofadifferentcancer,lymphoma.EnglemanteamedupwithfellowStanfordimmunologistSamuelStrobertoworkoutwaystomaketheprocessmoreefficient.
Whenthetwopitchedtheirideaforacompanytoinvestors,theyhadlittleclinicaldataandweretoooptimisticabouthowfastthetreatmentcouldreachpatients,saysStrober.Thecompanywasanenormousgamble:harnessingtheimmunesystemtofightcancerwasstillacontroversialidea,andnoothercompanyhadmarketedatherapysopersonalizedandlabour-intensive.“Butatthattimeitwasalittledifferentfromnow,”saysStrober.“Companiesweregettingfundedonthebasisofpromise,ratherthanactuallylookingattheircapacityforearlycommercialsuccess.”
EnglemanandStroberfoundedDendreonin1992;theUSFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovedProvengein2010.
Short-livedvictory
Theapprovalwascelebratedasanimportantproofofconceptbyresearchersworkingtodevelopcancervaccinesandothertreatmentsthatstimulateimmuneresponsestothedisease.ButDendreon,alreadystrainedbythelongwaitforapproval,soonranintofinancialdifficulty.
ConfusionoverhowpaymentforProvengewouldbereimbursedbyinsurancecompaniesleftmanydoctorsintheUnitedStateshesitanttouseit,saysCoreyDavis,ananalystatCanaccordGenuity,aninvestmentbankbasedinToronto,Canada.Whenrevenuescameinfarbelowthecompany’sinitialestimates,Dendreonfailedtoadjustitsoperationsaccordingly,ValeantchiefJ.MichaelPearsontoldinvestorson23February.
Provengeis,atfirstglance,anoddpurchaseforValeant,acompanyknownforacquiringrelativelysimple,establishedproducts—forexample,itcontrols10%oftheUScontact-lensmarket.ButValeantsawanopportunitytocutcostsandimprovehowthevaccineismarketedtodoctors,andthinksitcanmakebackitsinvestmentinlessthantwoyears,saysDavis.
Thevaccine’srescueisarelieftoEngleman,whohadfearedthatProvengemightdisappearalongwithDendreon.Asthecompanystruggledfinancially,thescientistswhofoundeditwatchedhelplesslyfromthesidelines.“Thiswasourbaby,”saysEngleman.“Itwasextraordinarilyfrustrating.Therewasnothingwecoulddo.”
Earlychoices
Inretrospect,Englemansays,someearlyscientificchoicesmayhaveexacerbatedDendreon’sstruggle.Thecompanydecidednottodevelopwaystofreezethestimulatedimmunecells,henotes,whichcouldhavesimplifiedtheprocedureandlowereditscost.
Andbothscientistslamentthechoiceofprostatecancerastheinauguraldiseasetargetofthetechnology.Althoughtheearlylymphomadatahadbeenverypromising,recallsEngleman,thecompanydecidedtoswitchtoamorecommoncancerwithabiggerpotentialmarket.Andprostatecancerhadanotheradvantage:peoplecanlivewithoutaprostate,whichhelpedtocalmfears(sinceprovedunfounded)aboutwhatwouldhappeniftheprimedimmunecellsattackedhealthytissue.
ButtheresultsinprostatecancerwerenotasdazzlingasEnglemanhadhopedonthebasisofhisanimalresultsinlymphoma.Dendreondidextendsurvivalinsomepeoplewithadvancedprostatecancer,butbyamedianofonlyfourmonths1.Thisweek,theUKNationalInstituteforHealthandCareExcellenceadvisedthatatmorethan£47,000(US$73,000)percourseoftreatment,ProvengeistooexpensivetojustifyitsusebytheNationalHealthService.
TheDendreonexperiencehasnotdampenedEngleman’senthusiasmforentrepreneurship.HeandStrober,alongwithothercollaborators,haveteameduponacompanythataimstodevelopatechniquetoreducethelikelihoodthatrecipientsoftransplantedorganswilldevelopanimmuneresponsetothenewtissue.
Theyareagainonthehuntforfunding,butthistimetheteamisbackedbymorethanadecadeofclinical-trialdatathatbacksthemethod.“We’rethinkingthatthisonewillprogressalotfasterthantheDendreonthing,”saysStrober.

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